Devotional music in Hindu practice has many forms, and the words are often used interchangeably. Here is a clear guide to the main ones.
Aarti
An aarti is a short song of praise sung while waving a lit lamp before the deity. It is typically sung at the end of puja, in the morning and evening. The act of waving the flame is as important as the words. Examples are Om Jai Jagdish Hare and Aarti Keeje Hanuman Lala Ki. Read our guide to the meaning of aarti for more.
Bhajan
A bhajan is a devotional song expressing love for God. It can be sung anywhere, at any time, with or without instruments. Bhajans by saints such as Meerabai, Kabir and Surdas are famous. There is no fixed ritual attached.
Stotra
A stotra is a Sanskrit poem praising a deity, such as Vishnu Sahasranama or Shiva Tandava Stotram. Stotras follow set metres and are often recited rather than sung.
Chalisa
A chalisa is a devotional hymn of forty (chalis) verses, such as Hanuman Chalisa by Tulsidas. It is usually recited, often on Tuesdays and Saturdays, and followed by an aarti.
Mantra
A mantra is a short sacred word or phrase, such as “Om Namah Shivaya”, repeated in japa. The Karpur Gauram verse is a short Shiva mantra recited after the aarti.
How they fit together in a puja
A simple order might look like this:
- Light the lamp and take a mantra or short japa
- Recite a stotra or chalisa if you wish
- Sing a bhajan, optional
- Perform the aarti with the flame
- Recite a closing mantra and share prasad
All of these are offerings of devotion. You can do just one, and it is complete when done sincerely. For a practical plan, see the 10-minute morning puja routine.
Frequently asked questions
Is Hanuman Chalisa an aarti?
No. The Chalisa is a devotional hymn of forty verses. The aarti is a separate, shorter song sung with the flame, usually after the Chalisa.
Can I sing a bhajan instead of an aarti?
Yes, a bhajan is a valid devotional offering. Aarti is distinct because it is done with a lit lamp and ends the puja.
What is the difference between a mantra and a stotra?
A mantra is a short sacred sound or phrase for japa. A stotra is a longer poem of praise.